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Style
Formelt sprog:
Brug af fremmedord (svære ord og ord af latinsk oprindelse)
Brug af abstrakte ord, f.eks. "demokrati"
Lange sætninger
Mange indskudte led
Over- og underordnelsesforhold mellem leddene (hypotakse), hvor der
angives årsags- og betingelsesforhold
Brug af varierede adjektiver og adverbier
Adjektiver bruges til at "kvalificere" (sige noget om) personer og
steder
Adverbier bruges til at "kvalificere" adjektiver, hvad der gør sproget
mere varieret
Bevidst brug af modalverber
Bevidst brug af udvidet og simpel tid
Brug af ing-former, hvor man på dansk bruger bisætninger Der kan ofte være brug af passiv: The letter was written, hvor det ikke fremgår, hvem der er agens (den handlende)
Uformelt sprog
Konkrete ord
Korte sætninger
Sideordnede sætninger (paraktakse)
Forholdsvis simple adjektiver og adverbier
Adjektiver "kvalificeres" i mindre grad af adverbier
"Talesprogsudtryk" og slang
Ufuldendte sætninger I højere grad brug af aktive sætningskonstruktioner: Peter wrote the letter
Nogle eksempler
Tiger Woods was at
the centre of yet another crisis yesterday after
his mother-in-law was taken to hospital in the middle of the night.
In the latest dramatic twist, Barbro Holmberg, 57, is
believed to have fallen ill after confronting the
billionaire golfer over claims that he cheated on her daughter with a string
of mistresses. .......It is believed Mrs Holmberg suffered an
anxiety attack after confronting Woods' over the affair claims ........
The golfer was said to have been struggling to breathe .......
It was claimed last night that Nordegren, the mother of Woods' two
young children, had moved out of the property to a nearby house.
However neighbour Jarius Adams denied the reports, insisting: 'She is
still here'. (fremhævede ord til brug i analysen)
Det vrimler med passivformer, hvor agens er væk: "Is
reported to"... o.lign. Der fortolkes frit fra politirapporten om
Woods' bil-crash, hvor passivformen igen bruges: The
witness is understood to be Woods' wife, who handed over two bottles of
Vicatin, a painkiller, and sleeping pill Ambien, after the accident.
(Daily
Mail, 9.12.09)
En
sidehistorie er sponsorers hæmningsløse brug af ham.
The
34-year-old club promoter allegedly claimed Woods pursued her for four
months before they got involved and was very 'possessive' and
'jealous'.
Rumours also persist linking Woods with a well-known female British TV
presenter, whom he is claimed to have met on his
frequent visits to the UK.
Der er igen brug af passiv-formen - uden agens -
"is claimed to have met". Der er ikke angivet en kilde. Her bliver
diskret og insinuerende lavet et mindre karaktermord på "tigeren". Ikke
alene tillader han sig at bryde ægteskabets love, men han er oven i
købet "possessive" og "jealous". At sådanne udsagn måske kan fortolkes
som den nu forsmåede elskerindes efterrationalisering af et forhold,
der har efterladt en formodentlig bitter eftersmag, gøres der ikke
noget ud af.
Teksters og mediebudskabers grad af formalitet i sproget bestemmes ofte af, hvad der er målgruppen for budskabet, jvf sender-modtagermodellen i kommunikationsanalysen: Eksempler:
Text 1: Excerpt from The Sun diet page April 20th
2009:
A GIRLIE holiday in the sun was all it took to make
Claire Jones realise it was time to tone up.
The 33-year-old dental nurse, says: "I had always been slim as a
teenager and in my twenties but I began to put on a bit.
"It wasn't until I went on holiday with my girlfriends at the end of
last summer that I realised just how big I'd got."
Claire, from Chafford Hundred in Essex, continues: "We were in Marbella
in Spain where it was really glamorous.
"Round the pool in our bikinis it was pretty obvious I was the fattest
in the group and I just felt awful.
"I resolved there and then that when I was next lying by a pool I'd be
fit and healthy and looking good again.
"I'm 5ft 5in and went from 12st and a size 14-16 to 9st and size 10.
"I'm now ready for the beach in Goa when I go on my summer hols with my
mum."
Text 2: The Economist 26.02.09 on social inequality:
Within the rich world,
where destitution is rare, countries where incomes are more evenly
distributed have longer-lived citizens and lower rates of obesity,
delinquency, depression and teenage pregnancy than richer countries
where wealth is more concentrated. Studies of British civil servants
find that senior ones enjoy better health than their immediate
subordinates, who in turn do better than those further down the ladder.
And the evidence is that the differences in status cause these
“gradients”. Low-caste Indian children do worse on cognitive tests if
they must state their identities beforehand. High-status baboons bred
in captivity show elevated levels of stress hormones and become ill
more often when they are moved to groups where they no longer dominate.
What makes the difference between the two texts?
Analyze them in terms of:
Style:
Vocabulary
(choice of words):
Nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs.
Is the vocabulary specific?
- abstractness/concreteness of words
- words of Latin origin
- How are adjectives and adverbs used differently for different effect?
Sentence structure
- Length of sentences and their internal structure:.
- Parataxis ( Parataxe
- sideordnede led) and hypotaxis
(hypotaxe - underordnede led)
Figures of Speech (talemåder), f.eks. “girlie holiday”.
Are idioms used?
Hypotakse:
He had to study hard, because he was behind with his homework (den ene
sætning underordnet den anden. Årsagsrelation)
Paratakse: John drank whisky. Oliver drank beer (sideordnede sætninger)
Find
paratakse og hypotakse i teksterne herunder: |
At
the lake shore there was another rowboat drawn up. The two Indians
stood waiting.
Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat and the Indians shoved
it off and one of them got in to row. Uncle George sat in the stern of
the camp rowboat. The young Indian shoved the camp boat off and got in
to row Uncle George.
The two boats started off in the dark. Nick heard the oarlocks of the
other boat quite a way ahead of them in the mist. The Indians rowed
with quick choppy strokes. Nick lay back with his father's arm around
him. It was cold on the water. The Indian who was rowing them was
working very hard, but the other boat moved further ahead in the mist
all the time. (....)
Across the bay they found the other boat beached. Uncle George was
smoking a cigar in the dark. The young Indian pulled the boat way up on
the beach. Uncle George gave both the Indians cigars. (Hemingway: Indian Camp)
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Now,
it will take about four years to implement this entire plan – because
we need to do it responsibly and we need to get it right. That means
that health care costs won’t go down overnight. But we have built into
the law all sorts of measures to assure that in years to come, health
care inflation, which has been rising about three times as fast as
people’s wages, will start slowing. We’ll start reducing the waste in
the system, from unnecessary tests to unwarranted insurance subsidies.
So over time, Americans will save money.
Meanwhile, there are a
set of reforms that will take effect this year (....)
Last year their
premiums went up 35%, which made it a lot harder for them to offer the
same coverage. On Tuesday, I was joined at the bill signing by Ryan
Smith, who runs a small business with five employees (Pres. Obama tale
om Health reform 25.3.10. Gazette
Online)
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Ex:
Klassesprog/sociolekt
Social
Dialect (”Lowbrow”)
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(”Middle
→ Highbrow”)
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I ain't done nothin’
I done it yesterday
I didn't do nothin’
Look at them people
He can do it hisself
They drunk beer themself
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I haven't done anything
I did it yesterday
I didn't do anything
Look at those people
He can do it himself
They themselves drank beer
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'
Blackbird' (the wurzels)
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The Avenue (Muld.)
Now that we've come to the end
I've been trying to piece it together,
Not that distance makes anything clearer.
It began in the half-light
While we walked through the dawn chorus
After a party that lasted all night,
With the blackbird, the wood-pigeon,
The song-thrush taking a bludgeon
To a snail, our taking each other's hand
As if the whole world lay before us.
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Target group analysis
Different target groups influence how the message
is coined. Readers of The Economist belong to high social strata,
readers of the Sun to low strata. This affects the
angling (vinkling) of the message.
Text 3: Michelle Obama tale til Democratic
National Convention 2008:
I come here tonight
as a sister, blessed with a brother who is my mentor, my protector and
my lifelong friend.
I come here as a wife who loves my husband and believes he will be an
extraordinary president.
I come here as a Mom whose girls are the heart of my heart and the
center of my world - they're the first thing I think about when I wake
up in the morning, and the last thing I think about when I go to bed at
night. Their future - and all our children's future - is my stake in
this election.
And I come here as a daughter - raised on the South Side of Chicago by
a father who was a blue collar city worker, and a mother who stayed at
home with my brother and me. My mother's love has always been a
sustaining force for our family, and one of my greatest joys is seeing
her integrity, her compassion, and her intelligence reflected in my own
daughters (full
speech).
Text 4:
Barack Obama tale til American Medical Association 2009:
Make no mistake:
the cost of our health care is a threat to our economy. It is an
escalating burden on our families and businesses. It is a ticking
time-bomb for the federal budget. And it is unsustainable for the
United States of America.
It is unsustainable
for Americans like Laura Klitzka, a young mother I met in Wisconsin
last week, who has learned that the breast cancer she thought she'd
beaten had spread to her bones; who is now being forced to spend time
worrying about how to cover the $50,000 in medical debts she has
already accumulated, when all she wants to do is spend time with her
two children and focus on getting well. These are not worries a woman
like Laura should have to face in a nation as wealthy as ours.
Stories like Laura's are being told by women
and men all across this country – by families who have seen
out-of-pocket costs soar, and premiums double over the last decade at a
rate three times faster than wages. This is forcing Americans of all
ages to go without the checkups or prescriptions they need. It's
creating a situation where a single illness can wipe out a lifetime of
savings.
TASK: Show how different target groups influence the
coining of the two messages above. What kinds of metaphors/figurative
speech do they use?
Note: Figurative
speech (billedlig
tale), e.g. Metaphors: “down the ladder” (low social status), “My Dad was our rock” (Michelle Obama).
EXERCISES
Characterise the famous Egyptian blogger The Sandmonkey's style:
The majority of taxis in Egypt are cars that are
at least 15 years old, which means that they were purchased at a time when
seatbelts were considered to be a luxury item in your car, you know, along with
power-steering, and air-conditioning. If you can get one of them to stop for you
and get you where you want to go (most of them won't), you will experience the
ride of a lifetime: The seats are uncomfortable, the
space is small, prayers and CD’s hanging next to each other
from the rearview mirror, the windows have no handles. Ohh, and the decoration,
we can’t forget the decoration. Nothing like a blue strobe
light on top of your head, alongside the ice-cream truck tune that the driver
set up so it starts every time he hits on the breaks to make your ride
fun. And the ride is fun, you
know, in an adrenaline-rush-oh-my-god-I-am gonna-die kind
of way. The driving is – of course - horrible, and
the driver will almost always
choose the longest, most traffic packed route he could
possibly take. It’s as if he wants you to suffer the
discomfort of sitting in his car for the longest time
possible.
But see, he doesn’t stop there. He
starts to talk to you about the most useless
topics (“The Mossad is financing Ruby. She is part of a Zionist
conspiracy to make our youth horny and
not pray!”), and you feel rude if you
don’t converse back or at least nod your head. And if you just keep your mouth
shut, the driver will start to punish you by turning the music/the Koran/the
latest Amr Khaled tape louder. And
if the Koran is playing you don’t dare to tell him to mute it or lower the
volume, even if you have a headache, cause how is it possible that
recitation of the Koran by some girly-voiced guy that is magnified and distorted
horribly at the same time through the driver’s 1970’s
speaker system contribute to your headache? Nonsense. But then the driver will
start cursing the other drivers with the filthiest
insults, while the Koran is playing, and you wonder why the guy has it on if he
has such low respect to it. But alas, you just shake your
head and let it slide, hoping the ride to be over soon.
I hate Taxis in
Egypt. Source: The Sandmonkey (Not all
adj/adv forms have been marked)
Mossad: The Israeli secret intelligence service Ruby: A
daring Egyptian pop singer
Examine and characterise the different styles of the
following texts:
1.
President Bush is married to Laura Welch Bush, a former teacher and
librarian, and they have 19-year-old twin daughters, Barbara and Jenna. The Bush
family also includes their two dogs, Spot and Barney, and a cat, India. Mrs.
Bush promotes the arts, and enjoyed showcasing (udstille) the works of Texas
artists at the Governor's Mansion in Austin. She hopes to find ways to spotlight
artistic works in Washington, D.C. Laura and George W. Bush were married in
Midland in 1977. They are the proud parents of twin girls, Barbara and Jenna,
who were born in 1981 and are named after their grandmothers. (The White House
Presentation of the Bush Family. www.Whitehouse.gov)
2.
"Home is important. It's important to have a home."—Crawford, Texas, Feb.
18, 2001
"It's good to see so many friends here in the Rose Garden. This is our
first event in this beautiful spot, and it's appropriate we talk about policy
that will affect people's lives in a positive way in such a beautiful, beautiful
part of our national—really, our national park system, my guess is you would
want to call it."—Washington, D.C., Feb. 8, 2001
"We're concerned about AIDS inside our White House—make no mistake about
it."—Washington, D.C., Feb. 7, 2001
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