3. HOVEDTIDER
a.. Lav ikke umotiverede tidsskift. Hvis man skriver noget i nutid, skal man ikke pludselig skifte til datid, uden der er en grund til det.
OVERSIGT OVER NOGLE HOVEDTIDER OG VERBALFORMER:
Nutid (præsens) | I eat breakfast every morning at 7 |
Datid (imperfektum) – ed | I celebrated my birthday last Saturday |
Førnutid (perfektum) | I have celebrated my birthday every year |
Førdatid (pluskvamperfektum) | The war had reached its climax when I was sent to the front |
Førfremtid (futurum exactum) | The wars will have reached their climax before the National Missile defence will be implemented |
Fremtid (futurum) | I shall see the dentist next week/ I am going to Copenhagen in a week or two |
Nutids tillægsmåde (præsens participium) | Datids tillægsmåde (perfektum participium) | Navnemåde (infinitiv) |
Eating (spisende) | Eaten (spist) | To eat (at spise) |
Fortællemåde (Indikativ) | Ønskemåde (Konjunktiv) | Bydemåde (imperativ) |
I usually eat breakast and then I hang out at the cinema downtown | I wish I were the owner of a Porsche | Read my lips |
DATID (IMPERFEKTUM)
b. Regelmæssig datid laves ved at sætte endelsen –ed på udsagnsordet: "I call", "I called". "That’s a little something from the old days, the rat-in-the-mouth number. Worked then, works now".
c. Datid bruges om den overståede handling i fortiden: "I was born in a small town. I lived there for many years" (- og bor der altså ikke længere)
d.. Uregelmæssige udsagnsords bøjning: Slå op i ordbogen
FØRNUTID (PERFEKTUM)
e. Dannes ved v.h.a. have og datids tillægsmåde (perfektum participium): "I have called". "He has smoked a cigar".
På dansk bruges ofte at være til at danne den sammensatte tid (Ex: Han er forsvundet). Sådan er det ikke på engelsk. Altid have. Ex: He has gone (Han er taget af sted). "He has run a long way": Han er løbet en lang vej.
Man kan finde et udtryk som he is gone, men det betyder: "Han er væk", altså med vægten lagt på resultatet: Han er der ikke mere.
f. Førnutid bruges om en handling, der er fortidig, men rækker op i nutiden eller har konsekvenser for nu: I have lived in this town for too many years (-og bor her altså stadig).
FØRDATID (PLUSKVAMPERFEKTUM)
g. Dannes v.h.a. had: I had called. Ex.: I called him, but he had left. Bruges om en handling, der er fortidig i forhold til en anden handling (datid).
Karakteriser verbalformerne i nedenstående B-sætninger og skriv dem om til førdatid. Ret 1. sætning til bedre engelsk:
I confirmed to the prime minister that we appreciate our friendship. That meant that they weren't very effective. I have said that the sanction regime is like Swiss cheese. My plan pays down an unprecedented amount of our national debt. The budget caps were busted. We are reviewing with people like Judd Gregg
Forklar brugen af datid og nutid i sætningerne herunder:
"I was raised in the West. The west of Texas. It's pretty close to California. In more ways than Washington, D.C., is close to California." The Los Angeles Times, April 8, 2000
"I don't remember debates. I don't think we spent a lot of time debating it.. Maybe we did, but I don't remember."
-On discussions of the Vietnam War when he was an undergraduate at Yale, Washington Post, July 27, 1999
Forklar brugen af førnutid i følgende sætning (svarer det til reglen for førnutid?):
"The important question is, How many hands have I shaked?"
-Answering a question about why he hasn't spent more time in New Hampshire, in the New York Times, Oct. 23, 1999
Hjælp B. med at sige det korrekt: Han ville have sagt: brødføde en familie:
"I know how hard it is for you to put food on your family."
-Greater Nashua, N.H., Chamber of Commerce, Jan. 27, 2000
ØVELSER I UREGELMÆSSIGE VERBER: 1, 2
FREMTID (FUTURUM)
På dansk ligger fremtiden ofte underforstået i almindelig sætning i nutid: Jeg rejser i morgen. Her vil man på engelsk vælge en af fremtidsformuleringerne: I shall leave tomorrow. I’m going away tomrrow. I’m leaving tomorrow. Valget af fremtidsformuleringen indeholder ofte en betoning (fremtid/nær fremtid).
h. Shall/will: "I shall come tomorrow". "They will be late as usual"
i. Nær fremtid: Going to (gonna i mere vulgært sprog): I am going to visit my cousin very soon.
j. Endnu nærmere fremtid: About to (nær fremtid): He was about to start playing (Han skulle lige til….). Eller: On the point of: "He was on the point of passing me the wine, but he hesitated when he saw what state I was in".
k. Udvidet tid: I’m flying to London tomorrow (bruges især v. bevægelsesverber), men kan også bruges i andre sammenhænge, f.eks.: "What are we having for dinner tonight?" "I’m not building any elementary schools on the island, not with my hard-laundered (hvidhvaskede) money".
Fremtidsformer med shall og will:
1. person | 2. person | 3. person | |
Ental | I shall | You will | He, she, it will |
Flertal | We shall | You will | They will |
Særbetydninger | I will/We will (vilje) |
l. Anm: Hvis man siger, I will. We will ligger der et element af vilje i det. Englændere og amerikanere kommer ud over problemet med, om man skal sige I shall eller I will ved at sammentrække til I’ll.
FØRFREMTID (FUTURUM EXACTUM)
m. Dannes v.h.a. shall/will have: I shall have written an application before funds for the position will be found. Bruges om en handling der er afsluttet i fremtiden.
Find fremtidsformuleringerne i sætningerne herunder og forklar brugen:
"I'm gonna talk about the ideal world, Chris. I've read- I understand reality. If you're asking me as the president, would I understand reality, I do." -On abortion, Hardball, MSNBC; May 31, 2000
"The administration I'll bring is a group of men and women who are focused on what's best for America, honest men and women, decent men and women, women who will see service to our country as a great privilege and who will not stain the house."—Des Moines Register debate, Iowa, Jan. 15, 2000
Holder reglen formuleret ovenfor, eller gælder der særlige regler for talesproget?:
"There's not going to be enough people in the system to take advantage of people like me."
-On the coming Social Security crisis; Wilton, Conn.; June 9, 2000
FREMTID, FØRFREMTID OG CONDITIONALIS
FREMTID (FUTURUM) | FØRFRMTID (FUTURUM EXACTUM) | I CONDITIONALIS |
I shall type the letter | I shall have typed the letter | He would type the letter if he could |
I shall be present | I shall have been present | II CONDITIONALIS |
I’m going to write you a letter next week, if I can pull myself together | I shall have written you a letter next week, if I shall pull myself together | He would have typed the letter, if he had not been prevented from doing it |
I’m just about to take a shower | I shall have taken a shower | If they had had hot water, he would have taken a shower |
n. Conditionalis er en form af verbet, der optræder i forbindelse med betingethed. Den dannes af would + infinitiv (I): "If somebody offered you money, would you take it?"; og af would have + perfektum participium (II).
3a.VERB PATTERNS (Verbalmønstre)
Transitive verber er verber, der tager objekt: "He drinks a glass of wine". "A glass of wine" er objekt (genstand) for handlingen i "drinks". Det kan også bruges intransitivt, altså uden at tage objekt: "He drinks". Så betyder det, at han nærmest er alkoholiker. Man har også et uformelt udtryk som "He drinks himself stupid", der betyder, at han ikke nødvendigvis behøver at være alkoholiker, men at alkoholen har en underlig virkning på ham, når han drikker.
I sætningen "He sighed" er "sigh" et intransitivt verbum.
"Verbalmønstre" betyder de forbindelser, verberne kan indgå i med andre ord og ordsammenstillinger (phrases). Det er angivet i større ordbøger, hvilke verbalmønstre de enkelte verber har, f.eks. beskriver Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (ALD) verbalmønstre med følgende forkortelser i firkantede klammer […]:
Intransitive verber:
FORKORTELSE |
[V] Verb intransitive |
[Vpr] Verb + prepositional phrase |
[Vadv] Verb + adverb |
[Vp] Verb + particle |
EKSEMPEL |
A big shark emerged from the deep water |
They do not care about other people |
He worked hard |
Get up and lend me a hand |
Transitive verber:
FORKORTELSE |
[Vn] Verb + noun phrase |
[Vnpr] Verb + noun phrase + prepositional phrase |
[Vnadv] Verb + noun phrase + adverb |
[Vnp] Verb + noun phrase + particle |
EKSEMPEL |
He shot the tiger |
He carried the baby to its room |
That deal suits me fine |
He summoned up his courage to face her |
Når man slår et verbum op i en sådan ordbog, kan man dermed hurtigt se, hvilke verbalmønstre ordet har mulighed for at indgå i.
Indsæt den korrekte form af verbet:
SUPPLERENDE ØVELSE:
Brug oversigten herunder til at ændre verbalformerne i øvelsen ovenfor, hvor det er muligt
TIDSLINJE:
FORTID (THE PAST) è NUTID (THE PRESENT) è FREMTID (THE FUTURE)
Pluskvamperfektum |
Imperfektum (datid) |
Perfektum (førnutid) |
Præsens (nutid) |
Futurum exactum (førfremtid) |
Futurum (fremtid) |
|
Aktiv |
Mr. Anderson had invited him to Australia |
Mr. A. invited him to Australia in the 50s |
Mr. A. has invited him to Australia |
Mr. A. invites him to Australia |
Mr. A will have invited him to Australia before the Olympics |
Mr. A. will invite him to Australia |
Passiv |
He had been invited to… |
He was invited to.. |
He has been invited to |
He is invited to… |
He will have been invited to Australia |
He will be invited to …. |
Conditionalis |
Mr. A. would have invited him to Australia if he had not broken a leg |
He would have been invited to Australia |
INTERAKTIVE ØVELSER: |
Kryds og tværs | Sammensat verbaløvelse |
Bøjning af uregelmæssige verber | Verbets former og tider 1 | Verbets former og tider 2 |
Oversæt til dansk:
Hun har aldrig været medlem af en
fagforening, men det var Ronald Reagan: Han var medlem af skuespillerforbundet.
Ja, han var formand for det. Hun har arbejdet i den samme virksomhed i mange
år, og hun er ikke blevet træt af det endnu. For nogle år siden var hun medlem
af virksomhedens fodboldhold og deltog i dets kampe. Men hun er ikke medlem af
fodboldholdet længere.
Jeg er gået |
|
Han var rejst |
|
Jeg er løbet |
|
Hun var stukket af |
|
Jeg er kommet |
|
Han var afgået ved døden |
|
Det er sket |
|
Han var forsvundet, da vi kom |
|
"Unfairly but truthfully, our party has
been tagged as being against things. Anti-immigrant, for example. And we're not
a party of anti-immigrants. Quite the opposite. We're a party that welcomes
people."—Cleveland, July 1, 2000
"The fundamental question is, 'Will I be a
successful president when it comes to foreign policy?' I will be, but until I'm
the president, it's going to be hard for me to verify that I think I'll be more
effective."—In Wayne, Mich., as quoted by Katharine Q. Seelye in the New
York Times, June 28, 2000
"The only things that I can tell you is
that every case I have reviewed I have been comfortable with the innocence or
guilt of the person that I've looked at. I do not believe we've put a guilty
... I mean innocent person to death in the state of Texas." All Things
Considered, NPR, June 16, 2000
"I'm gonna talk about the ideal world,
Chris. I've read—I understand reality. If you're asking me as the president,
would I understand reality, I do."—On abortion, Hardball, MSNBC; May 31,
2000
Indsæt nedenstående i
hovedtiderne. Det kan være nødvendigt med lidt større omskrivninger af nogle af
sætningerne i førnutid og førdatid:
Nutid |
Datid |
Førnutid |
Førdatid |
I'm also honored to be here with the speaker
of the House |
|
|
|
He just happens to be from the state of
Illinois |
|
|
|
I like to describe the speaker as a
trustworthy man |
|
|
|
He's the kind of fellow who is always honest |
|
|
|
When he gives you his word he means it |
|
|
|
That doesn't happen all the time in the
political process |
|
|
|
You teach a child to read |
|
|
|
Indsæt de korrekte verbalformer
i nedenstående tekster:
George W. Bush (be______) the 43rd President of
the United States. Formerly the 46th Governor of the State of Texas, Bush (earn
___________) a reputation as a compassionate conservative who (shape_______)
policy (base_______) on the principles of limited government, personal
responsibility, strong families, and local control.
George W. Bush (to be born________) July 6,
1946, and (grow________) up in Midland and Houston, Texas. He (receive________)
a bachelor's degree from Yale University and a Master of Business
Administration from Harvard Business School. He (serve________) as an F-102
pilot for the Texas Air National Guard before (begin_______) his career in the
oil and gas business in Midland in 1975, (work________) in the energy industry
until 1986. After (work________) on his father's successful 1988 presidential
campaign, he (assemble________) the group of partners that (purchase________)
(erhverve/købe) the Texas Rangers baseball franchise (ret til kommerciel brug)
in 1989.
He (serve________) as managing general partner
of the Texas Rangers until he was (elect_______) Governor on November 8, 1994,
with 53.5 percent of the vote. In an historic re-election victory, he
(become__________) the first Texas Governor to (_____elect_________) to
consecutive four-year terms on November 3, 1998, (win_______) 68.6 percent of
the vote.
In 2000, Fairfax County have______ the highest
median household income in the nation.
Fairfax be______ the only area where average
household income have_____ reach______ $90,000. The affluence have_______ not
only bring_______ taller office
buildings and bigger houses; it have_____ help_____ change_____ the way the region view______ its biggest
county. They commute______ long
distances, buy_____ bargain detergent and search ______ shops. They also make
_____ more than $90,000 a year. In
Fairfax, even families who know ______ they be _______ fortunate
can______ not help ______ wonder______,
"Why do_____ we not feel _____ rich?"
The nearly 250,000 children and teenagers in Fairfax – whether they be_______ haves or have-nots – be _____
engulfed in a culture of affluence,
from the latest clothing in school to the cars
their families drive ______.
They teach ______, police ______ and maintain
_______ Fairfax County, but it have ______
become _____something of a truth that they can ______ no longer afford
______to live _____there. High
housing prices send many of Fairfax's
employees away from the area.
Omdan følgende sætninger til
førdatid:
She unbuttoned her coat
She took off her underwear
Her body was black
Her skin was wrinkled
Her skin stuck to her bones like tape
She had no breasts
My hands were filled with warm bread
She kicked off her black shoes
She asked me to kiss her feet
Her hands were small
On the other hand, his toes were chewed stubs
He told her he was young
Udfyld med verbalformerne:
NUTID (præsens) |
DATID (imperfektum) |
FØRNUTID (perfektum) |
FØRDATID (pluskvamperfektum) |
FØRFREMTID (Futurum exactum) |
She shoots the rabbit |
|
|
|
|
He goes to a meeting |
|
|
|
|
They go on a picnic |
|
|
|
|
He combs his hair |
|
|
|
|
We love our neighbours |
|
|
|
|
Oversæt følgende til engelsk:
Du tror ikke på, at det kan være
sket. Derfor bliver det ved med at ske. Indtil du tror på det. Hvad vil du
have, jeg skal sige? Jeg var der. Jeg har selv set det hele. Og hvad er det egentlig jeg forsøger at sige
til dig? At en april morgen for 10 år
siden, blev en del af min familie sprængt i luften af terrorister. Inden da
havde terroristerne gravet en tunnel under muren ind i haven. Der var ikke
nogen, der havde set dem gøre det. Derfor havde ingen opdaget deres
forbryderiske sammensværgelse. Jeg tør ikke tænke på, hvad der var sket, hvis
jeg ikke havde stået der på terrassen og ventet på, at tjeneren kom med en kop
te til mig. Og der sad min kære familie ude på plænen med teborde og punchbowle
omkring sig. De vidste intet om, hvad der skulle ske. Det kunne lige så godt
være mig, der var død. Hvis jeg bare havde fået sagt farvel til dem, ville det
ikke være så svært. Og hvis ikke min mand havde været oppe i soveværelset i
forbygningen….. Jeg tør ikke tænke tanken til ende. Forstår du det ikke? Jeg
ville gerne have siddet med ham alene. På terrassen, ja. Der, hvor vi havde
tilbragt så mange timer sammen. Der, hvor vi havde ført lange samtaler med
hinanden om livet, døden, storpolitikken og familien.
Undersøg, om andre former for
futurum kan bruges og skriv dem i højre kolonne. Hvilke betydningsforskelle kan
opstå?:
UDSAGN |
ANDRE FUTURUMSFORMER |
"There's not going to be enough people
in the system to take advantage of people like me."—On the coming Social
Security crisis "… he or her will be able to pass a
literacy test.''—Townsend, Tenn., Feb. 21, 2001 |
|
Oversæt til engelsk:
Om to måneder rejser han til
London. Han vil finde byens særlige sjæl, det, der gør London til London.
Indbyggerne er næppe selv klar over det, men de lever i en by, der er fuld af
minder og gamle bygninger. Det gælder om om forstå den særlige ånd, der er over
en by. Det skal han studere, når han kommer derover. Han skal være der i tre
måneder. Han skal bo hos en gammel studiekammerat. De har begge læst sammen i
Oxford. Når han kommer der, vil han tage ind på et hotel ved Russell Square.
Han kan godt lide det gamle forfatterkvarter Bloomsbury. Det er i hvert fald et
sted med sjæl. Bare det at tænke sig, at alle de forfattere har boet der og
kommet sammen med hinanden. Sikke samtaler, der må have været ført. Han bliver
helt misundelig bare ved tanken. Sammenlignet med dem har vi mistet noget i vor
moderne tid.
Fortsæt følgende sætninger med
en conditionalis-konstruktion (dvs oversæt parenteserne):
If it had been possible to get a
job (ville de ikke have været så fattige:)……
If somebody had offered you money
(havde du så taget imod dem?:)……..
If I had known there was a speed limit (ville
jeg ikke have fået en fartbøde (speeding ticket)): …..
If Santa Claus had not been so late that year
(ville jeg have fået en ordentlig gave:)……..
If you had listened to my advice
(ville du ikke være løbet tør for penge:)……..
If he had been present (ville han
ikke have nydt situationen:)……..
If the school had not been burnt
down (ville han have fået en god uddannelse:)……
If the president had not been
taken ill (ville krigen ikke være brudt ud:)……
If I had only been pretty (ville
jeg kunne gøre indtryk på pigerne:)…..
I only she would give me her
heart (ville jeg kysse hendes tæer:)….
Oversæt følgende sætninger og
karakterisér de verbalformer, der indgår. Lav dem dernæst om, så der er mindst 3 conditionalis-konstruktioner (tilføj
om nødvendigt ekstra bisætninger):
"I would have to ask the questioner. I
haven't had a chance to ask the questioners the question they've been
questioning. On the other hand, I firmly believe she'll be a fine secretary of
labor. And I've got confidence in Linda Chavez. She is a—she'll bring an
interesting perspective to the Labor Department."—Austin, Texas, Jan. 8,
2001
Oversæt følgende i tiderne:
NAVNEMÅDE |
NUTID |
DATID |
FØRNUTID |
Be. Han er klog |
|
|
|
Catch. Han fanger fugle |
|
|
|
Make. De/hun laver honning |
|
|
|
Know. De/hun kender præsten |
|
|
|
Teach. De/hun underviser i
engelsk |
|
|
|
Learn. De/hun lærer engelsk |
|
|
|
Lay. De lægger |
|
|
|
Lie. De ligger |
|
|
|
Oversæt følgende tekst til
engelsk:
Han ligger på 10. Etage på
sygehuset og har haft god tid til at tænke. God tid til at tænke over de
seneste måneder, der har forandret hans tilværelse. Og god tid til at forstå
denne forandring og samtidig forsøge at forlige sig med den.
”Det var et chock”, sagde han. ”Jeg vidste,
det var en alvorlig skade, jeg havde fået, men dette her havde jeg alligevel
ikke regnet med. Og jeg tror ikke, jeg forstod det, da jeg fik det at vide. Der
gik et par dage, hvor jeg tænkte over tingene. Jeg mener ikke, at jeg har ret
til at have ondt af mig selv. Man må acceptere, at den slags kan ske, og så
forsøge at komme sig over det så hurtigt som muligt. Og så skal jeg i gang med
at spille volley igen.